Reconstruction Of Structure Research Articles

Crystal Facet Controlled Metal-Support Interaction in Uricase Mimics for Highly Efficient Hyperuricemia Treatment.

The effect of strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) has never been systematically studied in the field of nanozyme-based catalysis before. Herein, by coupling two different Pd crystal facets with MnO2, i.e., (100) by Pd cube (Pdc) and (111) by Pd icosahedron (Pdi), we observed the reconstruction of Pd atomic structure within the Pd-MnO2 interface, with the reconstructed Pdc (100) facet more disordered than Pdi (111), verifying the existence of SMSI in such coupled system. The rearranged Pd atoms in the interface resulted in enhanced uricase-like catalytic activity, with Pdc@MnO2 demonstrating the best catalytic performance. Theoretical calculations suggested that a more disordered Pd interface led to stronger interactions with intermediates during the uricolytic process. In vitro cell experiments and in vivo therapy results demonstrated excellent biocompatibility, therapeutic effect, and biosafety for their potential hyperuricemia treatment. Our work provides a brand-new perspective for the design of highly efficient uricase-mimic catalysts.

A resilience-driven two-stage operational chain optimization model for unmanned weapon system-of-systems under limited resource environments

Enhancing the battlefield resilience of unmanned weapon system-of-systems (UWSoS) through structural reconstruction requires scheduling additional physical resources. However, they are scarce in limited resource environments. To address the challenge of resource constraints, this paper focuses on improving the resilience of UWSoS by optimizing the operational chain of tasks after a disruption. First, a task-oriented resilience metric is proposed to characterize the impact of operational chain variations on UWSoS resilience. Based on this, a two-stage operational chain optimization model for UWSoS under limited resource environments is established, which considers the optimization actions of the edge node and rear command node in different resilience phases after the interruption for resilience enhancement. Finally, extensive simulation experiments validate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed model. This work can support decision-makers in developing new task plans in disruption scenarios and serve as a transition approach to enhance UWSoS resilience.

Ligand-Induced Electronic Structure Modulation of Self-Evolved Ni3S2 Nanosheets for the Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

Modulating the electronic structure of the electrocatalyst plays a vital role in boosting the electrocatalytic performance of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In this work, we introduced a one-step solvothermal method to fabricate 1,1-ferrocene dicarboxylic acid (FcDA)-decorated self-evolved nickel sulfide (Ni3S2) nanosheet arrays on a nickel foam (NF) framework (denoted as FcDA-Ni3S2/NF). Benefiting from the interconnected ultrathin nanosheet architecture, ligand dopants induced and facilitated in situ structural reconstruction, and the FcDA-decorated Ni3S2 (FcDA-Ni3S2/NF) outperformed its singly doped and undoped counterparts in terms of OER activity. The optimized FcDA-Ni3S2/NF self-supported electrode presents a remarkably low overpotential of 268 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm-2 for the OER and demonstrates robust electrochemical stability for 48 h in a 1.0 M KOH electrolyte. More importantly, in situ electrochemical Raman spectroscopy reveals the generation of catalytically active oxyhydroxide species (NiOOH) derived from the surface construction during the OER of pristine FcDA-Ni3S2/NF, contributing significantly to its superior electrocatalytic performance. This study concerns the modulation of electronic structure through ligand engineering and may provide profound insight into the design of cost-efficient OER electrocatalysts.

Visible-Light Cross-Linkable Multifunctional Hydrogels Loaded with Exosomes Facilitate Full-Thickness Skin Defect Wound Healing through Participating in the Entire Healing Process.

The management of severe full-thickness skin defect wounds remains a challenge due to their irregular shape, uncontrollable bleeding, high risk of infection, and prolonged healing period. Herein, an all-in-one OD/GM/QCS@Exo hydrogel was prepared with catechol-modified oxidized hyaluronic acid (OD), methylacrylylated gelatin (GM), and quaternized chitosan (QCS) and loaded with adipose mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (Exos). Cross-linking of the hydrogel was achieved using visible light instead of ultraviolet light irradiation, providing injectability and good biocompatibility. Notably, the incorporation of catechol groups and multicross-linked networks in the hydrogels conferred strong adhesion properties and mechanical strength against external forces such as tensile and compressive stress. Furthermore, our hydrogel exhibited antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties along with wound-healing promotion effects. Our results demonstrated that the hydrogel-mediated release of Exos significantly promotes cellular proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, thereby accelerating skin structure reconstruction and functional recovery during the wound-healing process. Overall, the all-in-one OD/GM/QCS@Exo hydrogel provided a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of full-thickness skin defect wounds through actively participating in the entire process of wound healing.

Architectural and artistic solutions of the OTC during the gentrification of soviet cinemas

In the professional environment of architects, there is concern about the formation of a trend of reconstruction and renovation of buildings and structures in large and major cities in order to develop urban infrastructure. The underestimation of the contribution of Soviet architecture to the cultural heritage of post-Soviet countries and countries of the socialist camp is noted. At the same time, the "new architecture" forms the urban environment under the stereotypes of homologation, which does not correspond to the socio-cultural demand of the glocalization of "digital nomads" seeking to live in eco-digital cities. The obsolescence of the "new architecture" is observed already at the project stage or in five years. In Moscow, the reconstruction program includes 39 Soviet cinemas in the peripheral zone of the city. Public and shopping complexes with underground levels are being built on the site of these cinemas. The article classifies the types of projects of Soviet cinemas and shopping centers, and also forms diagrams for their qualitative comparison. This eventually made it possible to evaluate the architectural and artistic contribution to the Moscow development of both Soviet cinemas and new shopping complexes, the continuity between them and differences in design principles.

A beginner’s guide to immunohistochemistry

Using the affinity between antibodies and antigens, immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a helpful method for analysing the cellular components within tissue sections placed on glass slides. The chemistry of antibodies was not discovered until 1941, and since then, their use has increased due to the discovery of enzymes and fluorochromes conjugated to antibodies, enabling observations through optical or fluorescence microscopy (FM). Hence, immunofluorescence (IF), or IHC with fluorescent antibodies, has been associated with the advancement of FM and fluorochromes. Specifically, the discovery of three fluorochromes that emit blue, red and green led to a rise in IF application in the context of visualizing numerous components in a single cell. The proximity ligation assay (PLA) method, so termed because the antibody is conjugated with short DNA strands called PLA probes, is the most recent development in the field of antibody conjugation. Protein–protein interactions and sub-localization of proteins can both be studied using this technique. The improvement of conjugation techniques has occurred in parallel with the development of sophisticated microscopies, including confocal and slide scanners. Confocal microscopy allows for the reconstruction of three-dimensional structures while a slide scanner can digitally convert up to 100 slides' worth of high-resolution pictures. The first step in the IHC process is the collection and fixation of tissues from animal models and humans. Paraformaldehyde is the most commonly used fixative. Fixation prevents antigen blocking and creates cross-links between proteins to preserve tissue structures. Fixation is followed by cutting tissues using microtome or cryostat, then slides are treated for antigen exposition (antigen retrieval) and then included in Triton X solution, which increases membrane permeability. Subsequently, incubations with enzyme- or fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies enable observations via optical microscopy or FM, respectively. In clinical practice and research, IHC and IF are still helpful methods for identifying the antigen-proteins linked to specific diseases.

All-Printed Finger-Inspired Tactile Sensor Array for Microscale Texture Detection and 3D Reconstruction.

Electronic skins are expected to replicate a human-like tactile sense, which significantly detects surface information, including geometry, material, and temperature. Although most texture features can be sensed in the horizontal direction, the lack of effective approaches for detecting vertical properties limits the development of artificial skin based on tactile sensors. In this study, an all-printed finger-inspired tactile sensor array is developed to realize the 3D detection and reconstruction of microscale structures. A beam structure with a suspended multilayer membrane is proposed, and a tactile sensor array of 12 units arranged in a dual-column layout is developed. This architecture enables the tactile sensor array to obtain comprehensive geometric information of micro-textures, including 3D morphology and clearance characteristics, and optimizes the 3D reconstruction patterns by self-calibration. Moreover, an innovative screen-printing technology incorporating multilayer printing and sacrificial-layer techniques is adopted to print the entire device. In additon, a Braille recognition system utilizing this tactile sensor array is developed to interpret Shakespeare's quotes printed in Grade 2 Braille. The abovementioned demonstrations reveal an attractive future vision for endowing bioinspired robots with the unique capability of touching and feeling the microscale real world and reconstructing it in the cyber world.

Controlled reconstruction and application research of lateral overlying strata structure in high-gas mines with thick-hard roofs for a fully-mechanized top-caving face

Due to the large mining area, the fully-mechanized top-caving mining with thick-hard roof is easy to form cantilever structure on the lateral roof of the working face, which on the one hand causes high stress level of adjacent roadway and serious deformation of roadway, on the other hand causes gas accumulation in corners, which brings severe challenges to safe and efficient mining of the mine. In this study, a mine facing such problems in Jincheng, China was taken as the research object. Based on the mechanical characteristics of coal and rock, the characteristics of overlying strata activity in the mining process of working face are mastered, and the dual effects of controlled transformation of lateral overlying strata structure on stress field and gas field were revealed. On this basis, roadway reinforcement and gas drainage schemes were put forward and applied. The results showed that the strength of the hard rock stratum was high in the triaxial stress environment, and it was not easily destroyed. However, once the strata exceed their strength threshold, they break down. In addition, the strength of coal is relatively low, and it is continuously deformed when the force exceeds its strength. The overlying strata structure after thick-hard roof fully-mechanized top-caving mining evolves in the following manner: “long cantilever length formed by the main roof being broken in the initial stage, voussoir beam formed by the upper hard roof being broken in the middle stage, and double cantilever beam formed by overlying strata compaction.” The stress carried by upper hard rock stratum is transferred to coal pillars, which is the main reason for the high stress environment of multi-purpose roadway with large coal pillars. The controlled transformation of lateral overlying strata structure by pre-splitting and roof cutting can realize the "transfer-unloading" of coal pillar stress and the "plugging and driving" of corner gas. Based on the hydraulic fracturing reconstruction of lateral overburden structure, the grouting reinforcement scheme of roadway and dynamic gas drainage scheme were put forward. The results demonstrated that after roof cutting, the maximum deformation of the surrounding rock in the multi-purpose roadway was reduced by approximately 90 %, and the maximum concentration of corner gas was decreased by 15.28 %. This approach successfully achieved a collaborative control effect on roadway surrounding rock stability and gas emission well within the safety limits.

Fault Structure Reconstruction From Magnetic Anomalies Using an Improved Backtracking Search Optimization Algorithm

AbstractFault structure reconstruction is an important aspect of magnetic prospecting as it contributes to understanding tectonic history, hazard assessment, and infrastructure planning. Metaheuristics have proven useful in estimating fault structure parameters from geophysical anomalies. Recently, a modified version of the Backtracking Search Optimization Algorithm (BSA), named mBSA, has been proposed that combines mutation steps of BSA and Differential Evolution (DE) algorithms to achieve a better balance between exploration and exploitation. Here, we present imBSA as an efficient approach that builds on the improvements of mBSA. It uses an adaptive amplitude control factor in the mutation step derived from a normally distributed random number obtained via an exponential function. The performances of these approaches were tested on some widely used benchmark functions such as Rosenbrock, Rastrigin, Griewank, and Himmelblau. Synthetic magnetic fault anomalies were evaluated with and without noise, as well as three real anomalies from the Dehri (India), Perth Basin, and Lachlan Fold Belt (Australia). Prior to the optimizations, the solvability of the model parameters was examined using some error topography images. The obtained solutions in the synthetic cases were evaluated using principal component analysis. In addition, a novel visualization option for high‐dimensional optimization problems was introduced. The experiments showed that imBSA has a faster convergence rate and better optimization statistics compared to BSA and mBSA. Therefore, it is believed to be an efficient and good alternative tool to widely used metaheuristics such as Particle Swarm Optimization and DE in explaining geophysical anomalies and optimization problems in other geoscientific disciplines.

3D Model Topology Algorithm Based on Virtual Reality Visual Features

This study proposes a virtual reconstruction method for fuzzy 3D images based on visual communication effects to improve recognition ability. This method includes constructing a grid distribution model for 3D images, recombining spatial information features using visual feature extraction, and detecting edges using contour feature extraction. A three-dimensional image visual communication model was established, and adaptive pixel reconstruction was achieved through fuzzy structure reconstruction method. Reconstruct the texture structure and grayscale histogram of 3D images to achieve high-quality virtual reconstruction. The simulation results verified the effectiveness of the method, and the designed simulation platform verified the accuracy and completeness of the method, demonstrating the improvement of existing systems and the potential for advancing the field of visual communication.

Restoration of Pregnancy Function Using a GT/PCL Biofilm in a Rabbit Model of Uterine Injury.

Biomaterial scaffolds have been used successfully to promote the regenerative repair of small endometrial lesions in small rodents, providing partial restoration of gestational function. The use of rabbits in this study allowed us to investigate a larger endometrial tissue defect and myometrial injury model. A gelatin/polycaprolactone (GT/PCL) gradient-layer biofilm was sutured at the defect to guide the reconstruction of the original tissue structure. Twenty-eight days postimplantation, the uterine cavity had been restored to its original morphology, endometrial growth was accompanied by the formation of glands and blood vessels, and the fragmented myofibers of the uterine smooth muscle had begun to resemble the normal structure of the lagomorph uterine cavity, arranging in a circular luminal pattern and a longitudinal serosal pattern. In addition, the repair site supported both embryonic implantation into the placenta and normal embryonic development. Four-dimensional label-free proteomic analysis identified the cell adhesion molecules, phagosome, ferroptosis, rap1 signaling pathways, hematopoietic cell lineage, complement and coagulation cascades, tricarboxylic acid cycle, carbon metabolism, and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1 signaling pathways as important in the endogenous repair process of uterine tissue injury, and acetylation of protein modification sites upregulated these signaling pathways.

Why Not Both? An Attention-Guided Transformer with Pixel-Related Deconvolution Network for Face Super-Resolution

Transformer-based encoder-decoder networks for face super-resolution (FSR) have achieved promising success in delivering stunningly clear and detailed facial images by capturing local and global dependencies. However, these methods have certain limitations. Specifically, the deconvolution in upsampling layers neglects the relationship between adjacent pixels, which is crucial in facial structure reconstruction. Additionally, raw feature maps are fed to the transformer blocks directly without mining their potential feature information, resulting in suboptimal face images. To circumvent these problems, we propose an attention-guided transformer with pixel-related deconvolution network for FSR. Firstly, we devise a novel Attention-Guided Transformer Module (AGTM), which is composed of an Attention-Guiding Block (AGB) and a Channel-wise Multi-head Transformer Block (CMTB). AGTM at the top of the encoder-decoder network (AGTM-T) promotes both local facial details and global facial structures, while AGTM at the bottleneck side (AGTM-B) optimizes the encoded features. Secondly, a Pixel-Related Deconvolution (PRD) layer is specially designed to establish direct relationships among adjacent pixels in the upsampling process. Lastly, we develop a Multi-scale Feature Fusion Module (MFFM) to fuse multi-scale features for better network flexibility and reconstruction results. Quantitative and qualitative experimental results on various datasets demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms other state-of-the-art FSR methods.

In situ atom-resolved observation of Si (111) 7×7 surface with F radical and Ar ion irradiation simulated atomic layer etching

Ar ions with controlled energy and doses, along with radicals in CF4 plasma, were irradiated separately onto a Si (111) 7 × 7 surface by using a plasma beam reactor. The crystal structure and the chemical bonds on the surface were analyzed by scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy without air exposure of the samples. The SiF layer formed by F radical irradiation was completely removed by a desorption reaction induced by heating at 600 °C, resulting in an atomically flat surface that maintained the crystal structure. The 7 × 7 structure, which was reconstructed by each irradiation process alone, was not reconstructed because of the synergistic effects of F radicals and Ar ions in the cyclic CF4/Ar plasma used to simulate an atomic layer etching process. The cyclic CF4/Ar plasma process inhibited the reconstruction of the crystal structure by forming a mixture region that included Si, F, and C atoms.

Autogenous structural bone graft reconstruction of ≥ 10-mm-deep uncontained medial proximal tibial defects in primary total knee arthroplasty

BackgroundManagement of uncontained medial proximal tibial defects during primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) can be challenging, especially for defects ≥ 10 mm in depth. This study sought to assess the outcomes of autogenous structural bone grafts to address these defects.Materials and methodsIn this prospective study, patients with uncontained medial proximal tibial defects ≥ 10 mm in depth undergoing TKA were managed by autogenous structural bone grafts fixed by screws and were followed up for at least 36 months. Patients were followed-up clinically with Knee Society Score (KSS) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Additionally, radiological follow-up was done to assess bone graft union and implant stability.ResultsThe study included 48 patients with a mean age of 69.2 ± 4.5 years. The mean body mass index (BMI) was 31.4 ± 3.7 kg/m2. The mean defect depth was 17 ± 3.6 mm. With a mean follow-up period of 52.2 ± 12.3 months, the median KSS improved significantly from 30 preoperatively to 89, P < 0.001. The median WOMAC score reduced significantly from 85 preoperatively to 30.5, P < 0.001. The mean ROM increased significantly from 73 ± 12.4 preoperatively to 124 ± 8.4 degrees, P < 0.001. The mean graft union time was 4.9 ± 1 months. No significant complications were reported.ConclusionsAutogenous bone graft reconstruction is a safe and effective method of addressing uncontained medial proximal tibial defects in primary TKA.Level of evidenceLevel IV.

Impact of Amorphous LiF Coating Layers on Cathode‐Electrolyte Interfaces in Solid‐State Batteries

AbstractHigh interfacial resistance between electrodes and solid‐state electrolyte is the major cause for the failure of all‐solid‐state Li‐ion batteries. Spontaneous (electro)chemical reactions and poor Li‐ion diffusion at the interfaces are closely related to this increased impedance. Although introducing a coating layer can mitigate interfacial reactions and structural reconstruction, it may also lead to poor Li‐ion diffusion. Balancing this trade‐off therefore is crucial for the design of coating layer materials. In this study, the impact of the amorphous LiF (a‐LiF) coating layer on interfacial structural reconstruction and Li‐ion diffusion at the LiCoO2/Li6PS5Cl solid‐state interface is explicitly elucidated via machine‐learning‐assisted molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. It is found that the a‐LiF can effectively protect the P‐S tetrahedron local structures in Li6PS5Cl but cannot suppress the formation of side product S2 dimers. It is further discovered that once the a‐LiF coating exceeds a certain critical thickness, emergence of ordered local structures will inhibit Li‐ion diffusion. The simulations propose that the optimal thickness of the coating layer is around 1 nm. Overall, the work provides a microscopic understanding for effects of the a‐LiF coating layer on the structural and kinetic properties of cathode‐solid electrolyte interfaces and can guide the design of interfacial coating materials for solid‐state batteries.

Reconstruction of the currents structure in the Kuibyshev Reservoir using satellite data and field measurements

   This paper is devoted to a series of the first field subsatellite experiments conducted in the waters of the Kuibyshev Reservoir (Kama estuary) in 2023. Simultaneously with ship-based measurements of current and wind fields, as well as chlorophyll-a concentration, two high-spatial-resolution satellite scanners surveyed the study area of the reservoir. From sequential images, current fields were reconstructed using the standard maximum cross-correlation (MCC) method, which were then compared with measurements from the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). In certain parts of the water area, satisfactory agreement was obtained between the reconstructed currents and direct measurement current data. And in those parts of the water area where a significant discrepancy between the ADCP and MCC data was recorded, the possible reasons for the discrepancies were analyzed. Preliminary estimates of the parameters that have a significant impact on the possibility of reconstructing currents using the MCC method in inland eutrophicated water bodies have been made, and some limitations of the MCC method as a whole have been identified. Possible ways of further development of the method are analyzed.

A semiparametric Gaussian mixture model for chest CT-based 3D blood vessel reconstruction.

Computed tomography (CT) has been a powerful diagnostic tool since its emergence in the 1970s. Using CT data, 3D structures of human internal organs and tissues, such as blood vessels, can be reconstructed using professional software. This 3D reconstruction is crucial for surgical operations and can serve as a vivid medical teaching example. However, traditional 3D reconstruction heavily relies on manual operations, which are time-consuming, subjective, and require substantial experience. To address this problem, we develop a novel semiparametric Gaussian mixture model tailored for the 3D reconstruction of blood vessels. This model extends the classical Gaussian mixture model by enabling nonparametric variations in the component-wise parameters of interest according to voxel positions. We develop a kernel-based expectation-maximization algorithm for estimating the model parameters, accompanied by a supporting asymptotic theory. Furthermore, we propose a novel regression method for optimal bandwidth selection. Compared to the conventional cross-validation-based (CV) method, the regression method outperforms the CV method in terms of computational and statistical efficiency. In application, this methodology facilitates the fully automated reconstruction of 3D blood vessel structures with remarkable accuracy.

Encoding biological metaverse: Advancements and challenges in neural fields from macroscopic to microscopic

Neural fields can efficiently encode three-dimensional (3D) scenes, providing a bridge between two-dimensional (2D) images and virtual reality. This method becomes a trendsetter in bringing the metaverse into vivo life. It has initially captured the attention of macroscopic biology, as demonstrated by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, which provide a 3D field of view for diagnostic biological images. Meanwhile, it has also opened up new research opportunities in microscopic imaging, such as achieving clearer de novo protein structure reconstructions. Introducing this method to the field of biology is particularly significant, as it is refining the approach to studying biological images. However, many biologists have yet to fully appreciate the distinctive meaning of neural fields in transforming 2D images into 3D perspectives. This article discusses the application of neural fields in both microscopic and macroscopic biological images and their practical uses in biomedicine, highlighting the broad prospects of neural fields in the future biological metaverse. We stand at the threshold of an exciting new era, where the advancements in neural field technology herald the dawn of exploring the mysteries of life in innovative ways.

Structural seismic response reconstruction method based on multidomain feature-guided generative adversarial neural networks

Structural seismic response reconstruction is important to assess the safety of structures. This study presents a novel multidomain feature-guided generative adversarial neural network model (MWGAN-TF) for reconstructing the seismic responses of structures, which takes into account the joint non-stationarity of the seismic response in the time-frequency statistical domain. It innovatively incorporates time, frequency, and statistical-domain feature constraints into the multiscale generative adversarial neural network, which guides the model to learn the multidomain feature information of the seismic response at different time scales. A statistical indicator (CNCSI) was proposed to evaluate the performance of the model in capturing nonstationary characteristics. The effectiveness of the MWGAN-TF was verified using response data from numerical models of a three-story moment-resisting frame and reinforced concrete frame structures, as well as the field measurement data of an actual building. Thereafter, the effects of different domain feature-guided models on the reconstruction response accuracy are discussed. The results show that embedding multidomain feature constraints can provide a more reliable response reconstruction by improving the ability of the model to capture nonstationary characteristics. Thus, the deep learning paradigm based on multidomain feature guidance outperforms the classical neural network guided only by time-domain features.

Cu-phen Coordination Enabled Selective Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to Methane.

Manipulation of selectivity in the catalytic electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (eCO2RR) poses significant challenges due to inevitable structure reconstruction. One approach is to develop effective strategies for controlling reaction pathways to gain a deeper understanding of mechanisms in robust CO2RR systems. In this work, by precise introduction of 1,10-phenanthroline as a bidentate ligand modulator, the electronic property of the copper site was effectively regulated, thereby directing selectivity switch. By modification of [Cu3(btec)(OH)2]n, the use of [Cu2(btec)(phen)2]n·(H2O)n achieved the selectivity switch from ethylene (faradaic efficiency (FE) = 41%, FEC2+ = 67%) to methane (FECH4 = 69%). Various in situ spectroscopic characterizations revealed that [Cu2(btec)(phen)2]n·(H2O)n promoted the hydrogenation of *CO intermediates, leading to methane generation instead of dimerization to form C2+ products. Acting as a delocalized π-conjugation scaffold, 1,10-phenanthroline in [Cu2(btec)(phen)2]n·(H2O)n helps stabilize Cuδ+. This work presents a novel approach to regulate the coordination environment of active sites with the aim of selectively modulating the CO2RR.